Cross Cultural Management (HR202)-Semester III
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1st Module Assessment
Question 1. Hierarchy of needs theory was given by which of the following?
Select one:
a. Fredrick Herzberg
b. Elton Mayo
c. Rothlisberger
d. Abraham Maslow
Clear my choice
Question 2. Which of the following is the purpose of diversity training?
Select one:
a. Increase workplace harmony
b. Improve communication skills
c. Increase tolerance
d. Increase cultural knowledge
Clear my choice
Question 3. is NOT an aspect of understanding cultural differences.
Select one:
a. Cultural sensitivity
b. Cultural intelligence
c. Tolerance for all workers
d. Respect for all workers
Clear my choice
Question 4. “A person with an unsatisfied need will undertake goal-directed behaviour to satisfy the need.” This statement is .
Select one:
a. Correct
b. Incorrect
c. Partially Correct
d. Person can never have unsatisfied needs.
Clear my choice
Question 5. _ is a group in which members have similar backgrounds and generally perceive, interpret and evaluate events in similar ways. Select one: a. Bicultural group b. Homogeneous group c. Token group d. Multicultural group Clear my choice Question 6. Which of the following is related to appreciating diversity? Select one: a. Treating women fairly b. Tolerating people from different racial groups c. Treating people from other ethnic groups fairly d. Respecting and enjoying cultural and individual differences Clear my choice Question 7. Cultural intelligence is referred to as the ability to: Select one: a. interpret someone’s unfamiliar and ambiguous behavior the same way that others of the person’s culture would b. speak another language c. observe and accept unfamiliar and ambiguous behaviors in others d. research cultural differences Clear my choice Question 8. A culture is usually recognised to be as .
Select one:
a. fixed
b. stable
c. evolving
d. stagnant
Clear my choice
Question 9. In international business, the trend to “go local” has led to local people and foreign experts performing as .
Select one:
a. hosts and guests
b. workers and employers
c. trainee and trainer
d. a team
Clear my choice
Question 10. A culture that is characterised by strong emphasis on equality in the workplace and orientation to the task is known as ___.
Select one:
a. Family Culture
b. Eiffel Tower Culture
c. Guided missile Culture
d. Incubator Culture
Clear my choice
Question 11. Culture is embedded in our .
Select one:
a. minds
b. beliefs
c. expressions
d. gestures
Clear my choice
Question 12. Which of the following statements is true for cross culture.
A. It recognizes the differences among business people of different nations, backgrounds. and ethnicities, and the importance of bridging them.
B. Business people working abroad need to learn subtle differences in style and substance in order to be effective.
Select one:
a. Only A
b. Only B
c. Both A & B
d. Both options are incorrect.
Clear my choice
Question 13. refers to the management of business operations for a company. It is used to conduct business in more than one country and requires familiarity with the business regulations and the ability to carry out transactions that may involve multiple currencies.
Select one:
a. Business Management
b. Multinational Management
c. International Management
d. Cross Cultural Management
Clear my choice
Question 14. Culture is related to .
Select one:
a. thinking
b. rules of behaviour
c. behaviour
d. attitude
Clear my choice
Question 15. These needs involve feeling of self-confidence and feeling good about oneself, feeling valued by others; that is, feeling that our achievements and contributions have been recognised by other people. These needs are referred to as . Select one: a. Safety Needs b. Love and Belongingness Needs c. Esteem Needs d. Health Needs Clear my choice Question 16. A group in which there are individuals from three or more different ethnic backgrounds, such as three U.S., three German, three Uruguayan, and three Chinese managers. It is known as __.
Select one:
a. bicultural group
b. homogeneous group
c. token group
d. multicultural group
Clear my choice
Question 17. _________culture is characterised by strong emphasis on hierarchy and orientation to the task. Jobs are well defined, employees know what they are supposed to do, and everything is coordinated from the top.
Select one:
a. Family
b. Eiffel Tower
c. Guided missile
d. Incubator
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2nd Module Assessment
Question 1. The GLOBE researchers considered six leadership profiles. Which of the following is not a part of this?
Select one:
a. Charismatic type
b. Authoritative type
c. Participative type
d. Self-protective
Clear my choice
Question 2. Which of the following defined national culture as: “The collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group from another”?
Select one:
a. Geert Hofstede
b. Roger Harrison
c. Roger Harrison
d. Kenichi Ohmae
Clear my choice
Question 3. Which of the following is not one of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s dimensions of national culture?
Select one:
a. What is the role of women in society?
b. What is the nature of people?
c. What is the modality of human activity?
d. What is the conception of space?
Clear my choice
Question 4. When companies are open to hiring employees from all sorts of different backgrounds regardless of race, religion and culture is referred to as________.
Select one:
a. Regiocentric Orientation
b. Host Country Nationals
c. Polycentric Orientation
d. Cultural Diversity
Clear my choice
Question 5. Which of the following is not one of the influences on culture cited in the text?
Select one:
a. Size
b. History and ownership
c. Nature of the product or service
d. People
Clear my choice
Question 6. Which of the following cannot be considered as a benefit of cultural diversity ?
Select one:
a. Increased productivity
b. Wider range of skills
c. Increase in employee conflict
d. Increased profits
Clear my choice
Question 7. Promoting cultural diversity in the workplace helps to enhance team performance because .
A. It allows employees to learn and grow by sharing each other’s experiences.
B. Employees from different backgrounds engage with each other.
C. It enables them to come up with fresh ideas.
D. It allows them to think out of the box and increase productivity.
Select one:
a. Only B & D
b. Only A & C
c. Only A & B
d. All A, B, C, D
Clear my choice
Question 8. The set of shared beliefs, behaviours and attitudes associated with a large group of people is called _.
Select one:
a. religion
b. culture
c. social framework
d. Values
Clear my choice
Question 9. “Cross-cultural understanding, along with local market knowledge, lends itself the production of more effective marketing strategy and materials.” This statement is .
Select one:
a. Correct
b. Incorrect
c. Partially Correct
d. Incomplete.
Clear my choice
Question 10. “Professional communication can be misinterpreted or difficult to understand across languages and cultures”.
Select one:
a. This statement is true.
b. This statement is not true.
c. This statement is partially true
d. Professional communication can never be misinterpreted
Clear my choice
Question 11. The GLOBE Project researches _.
Select one:
a. effects of leadership all over the world.
b. creation of country clusters for better management .
c. how traits are viewed in effective leadership all over the world.
d. about better styles of managing people.
Clear my choice
Question 12. Which of the following is not one of the Hofstede’s cultural dimensions ?
Select one:
a. Power distance
b. Cultural Favouritism
c. Individualism-collectivism
d. Masculinity-femininity
Clear my choice
Question 13. A culture distinguishes
Select one:
a. members of one generation from another
b. members of one nation from another
c. members of one human group from another.
d. members of one ethnic group from another
Clear my choice
Question 14. GLOBE project refers to _.
Select one:
a. Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Efficiency
b. Great Leaders and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness
c. Great Leaders and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Summit
d. Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness
Clear my choice
Question 15. The GLOBE researchers uncovered nine cultural dimensions. Which of the following is NOT a cultural dimension ?
Select one:
a. performance orientation
b. uncertainty avoidance
c. leadership orientation
d. humane orientation
Clear my choice
Question 16. To succeed with managing cultural diversity, the organization has to obtain a culture where__________.
Select one:
a. people respect each other
b. people feel included
c. the employees can use their Knowledge to its full potential
d. All of these
Clear my choice
Question 17. The GLOBE project investigates how cultural values are related to _.
A. Organizational practices
B. Conceptions of leadership
C. Economic competitiveness of societies
D. Human condition of its members
Select one:
a. All A,BC,D
b. Only A & B
c. Only B & D
d. Only A & C
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3rd Module Assessment
Identify the statement which is true about cultural differences related to body positions and movements.
Select one:
a. In the United States, an up-and-down movement of the head means “yes” and a side-to-side movement of the head means “no.”
b. In China, people generally offer a handshake that is firm and long lasting.
c. In Indonesia, people do not view squatting as a normal body position.
d. In North America, looking directly at people during formal presentations is considered a sign of disrespect.
Question 1. It is in the family business environment that the hard-working nature of is particularly evident. Material success is important, not so much for the individual, but more for the sake of maintaining the family’s honour and ensuring a sound future for the family’s offspring.
Select one:
a. Americans
b. Indians
c. Africans
d. Germans
Clear my choice
Question 2. “Expect your colleagues to not be very emotive with their facial expressions and word choices. They are known for their dry wit.” The given statement refers to style of management .
Select one:
a. British
b. American
c. French
d. Japanese
Clear my choice
Question 3. Which of the following is a challenge of cultural diversity in workplace?
Select one:
a. Colleagues from some cultures may be less likely to let their voices be heard
b. Different understandings of professional etiquette
c. Conflicting working styles across teams
d. All of the options
Clear my choice
Question 4. is least consistent with U.S. values in general.
Select one:
a. Individual competition
b. Emphasis on change
c. Openness and accessibility
d. Egalitarianism
Clear my choice
Question 5. It refers to the feeling of uncertainty, confusion or anxiety that people may experience when moving to a new country or experiencing a new culture or surroundings.
Select one:
a. Culture difference
b. Culture shock
c. Environmental difference
d. Environmental shock
Clear my choice
Question 6. “Lifetime employment, that is large companies hire regular employees’ right out of school and keep them until retirement.” This is a characteristic of __ style .
Select one:
a. Japanese Management
b. Indian Management
c. French Management
d. Chinese Management
Clear my choice
Question 7. Which of the following is a warning sign that a company’s culture is broken?
Select one:
a. Unfriendly competition between employees
b. A large amount of office gossip
c. Managers don’t follow the core values
d. All of the options
Clear my choice
Question 8. “At the heart of organizations’ cultures are commonly shared values. None is right or wrong, but organizations need to decide which values they will emphasize. “The given statement is .
Select one:
a. Correct
b. Incorrect
c. Partially Correct
d. Incomplete.
Clear my choice
Question 9. A is a distinct cultural group within a larger culture.
Select one:
a. co-culture
b. material culture
c. sub culture
d. bi-culture
Clear my choice
Question 10. What is a “learned system of knowledge, behaviour, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms shared by a group of people” called?
Select one:
a. Culture
b. dominant culture
c. community
d. co-culture.
Clear my choice
Question 11. Which style of management has the following characteristics:
A. The relationship among the employees and employer is like family members and taking responsibility for each other.
B. Seniority system for salaries and promotions, rather than on the basis of performance.
Select one:
a. Japanese Style of Management
b. Indian Style of Management
c. German Style of Management
d. UK Style of Management
Clear my choice
Question 12. The considerable variation between Americans and Chinese in the use of silence during meetings is an aspect of .
Select one:
a. haptics
b. proxemics
c. paralanguage
d. object language
Clear my choice
Question 13. ___managers motivate staff by showing solidarity with them. They work long hours, obey the rules and, though expecting immediate obedience, insist on fair play. Select one: a. British b. German c. Japanese d. Chinese Clear my choice Question 14. Which of these points relates to UK style of Management ? A. Avoid confrontational behavior or high-pressure tactics. Avoid displays of emotion and do not argue on the basis of feelings. B. Decision-making is slow and deliberate and so patience may be a necessary cross cultural attribute. Select one: a. Only A b. Only B c. Both A & B d. None of these Clear my choice Which of the following can be a challenge to manage Culture Change in the workplace? Select one: a. Resistance to Change b. Lack of Motivation to Change c. . Lack of Ownership d. All of the options Question 15. Canada is a country that scores high on the cultural value of __.
Select one:
a. collectivism
b. uncertainty avoidance
c. power distribution
d. individualism
Clear my choice
Question 16. Which of the following is related to Organizing in USA style of Management:
A. Individual responsibility and accountability
B. Clarity and specificity of decision responsibility
C. Formal bureaucratic organizational structure
Select one:
a. Only A
b. Both A & B
c. Both B & C
d. All A,B, C
Clear my choice
Question 17. Following statements refer to which style of management?
A. Missing a deadline is a sign of poor management and inefficiency, and will shake people’s confidence.
B. People in controlled-time cultures tend to have their time highly scheduled, and it’s generally a good idea to provide and adhere to performance milestones.
Select one:
a. Japanese
b. British
c. American
d. French
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4th Module Assessment
The main goal of cross-cultural communication training is to________.
Select one:
a. give social status
b. develop business etiquette
c. improve behaviour
d. create strong cultural ties
Question 1. A number of steps can be taken to improve communication effectiveness in the international arena. These include .
Select one:
a. improving feedback systems
b. providing language and cultural training
c. increasing flexibility and cooperation.
d. All of these
Clear my choice
Question 2. ___ is NOT a strategy that will help overcome communication barriers?
Select one:
a. Using straightforward language and speak clearly.
b. Paying attention to individual differences in appearance.
c. Politely insisting that only English be spoken, even in international situations.
d. Being sensitive to nonverbal communication differences.
Clear my choice
Question 3. Which of the following is correct about cross-cultural communication?
Select one:
a. Cross-cultural communication should be avoided as it reduces group cohesiveness.
b. Effective cross-cultural communication minimizes problems stemming from misinterpretations.
c. Cross-cultural communication should be avoided as it reduces the productivity of a workplace.
d. Being able to communicate cross-culturally requires you to be ethnocentric in your outlook.
Clear my choice
Question 4. _ is a person’s view of reality. How people see reality can vary and will influence their judgment and decision making.
Select one:
a. Persuation
b. Perception
c. Cultural difference
d. proxemics
Clear my choice
Question 5. There are a wide variety of tactics used in international negotiation. These include location, time limits, buyer-seller relations, verbal behaviours, and nonverbal behaviours. This statement is _.
Select one:
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
c. Partially true
d. None of these
Clear my choice
Question 6. The effectiveness of communication in the international context is often determined by which of the following ?
A. How closely the sender and receiver have the same meaning for the same message.
B. If this meaning is different, effective communication will not occur.
Select one:
a. only A
b. Only B
c. Both A & B
d. None of these
Clear my choice
Question 7. is the study of communication through body movement and facial expression. Primary areas of concern include eye contact, posture, and gestures.
Select one:
a. Proxemics
b. Chronemics
c. Kinesics
d. Chromatics
Clear my choice
Question 8. Select the option which best supports the statement:
Trust most likely improves cross-cultural communication by .
Select one:
a. enabling managers to network effectively
b. encouraging the open exchange of ideas and information
c. replacing formal legal contracts for global firms
d. eliminating all variables that hinder the communication process
Clear my choice
Question 9. Posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact are examples of which of the following ?
Select one:
a. kinesic behavior
b. proxemics
c. paralanguage
d. oculesics
Clear my choice
Question 10. _ is the transfer of information from subordinate to superior.
Select one:
a. Upward communication
b. downward communication
c. diagonal communication
d. wheel communication
Clear my choice
Question 11. Nonverbal behaviour is sometimes called as .
Select one:
a. Chromatics
b. Proxemics
c. silent language
d. Chronemics
Clear my choice
Question 12. is the use of colour to communicate messages. Select one: a. Chromatics b. Proxemics c. Chronemics d. Kinesics Clear my choice Question 13. __ is the process of bargaining with one or more parties to arrive at a solution that is acceptable to all. It has been estimated that managers can spend 50 percent or more of their time on this processes.
Select one:
a. Persuation
b. Negotiation
c. Bargaining
d. paralanguage
Clear my choice
Question 14. Which of the following is a part of Upward Communication?
Select one:
a. provide feedback
b. ask questions
c. obtain assistance from higher-level management.
d. All of these
Clear my choice
“Language frequently causes miscommunication during international business situations.” Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons for the given statement?
Select one:
a. being unable to speak a local language
b. translating a local language too literally
c. missing meanings conveyed through body language
d. assuming that others use similar reasoning processes
Question 15. Facial expressions such as smiles, frowns, yawns and posture and stance represent which form of communication?
Select one:
a. Verbal Communication
b. Nonverbal Communication
c. Vertical Communication
d. Diagonal Communication
Clear my choice
Question 16. For good and effective cross-cultural communication, the language .
Select one:
a. should not be influenced by your intended purpose.
b. should be guided by your target audience.
c. should not include active verbs
d. should be vague so that your message can be interpreted in multiple ways.
Clear my choice
Question 17. In cross-cultural communications, in order to avoid misinterpretations one should _.
Select one:
a. avoid using colloquial expressions.
b. use two-word verbs
c. use passive voice instead of active voice.
d. avoid using back translating procedures.
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5th Module Assessment
Which of the following can be classified as International Employees ?
Select one:
a. Host Country Nationals
b. Expatriates
c. Third Country Nationals()
d. All of these
Question 1. Expatriate training generally involves .
Select one:
a. Pre-departure training, that is before the employee leaves his/her home country
b. HCN training, that is after the employee joins the firm in the foreign country.
c. Both A & B
d. None of these
Clear my choice
Question 2. Managing international resources in the global context is indeed a process.
Select one:
a. lengthy
b. simple
c. smooth
d. complex
Clear my choice
Question 3. “The level of headquarters’ support provided to the individual and the family is an important performance variable that involves more than the tangible, monetary support contained in the compensation package.” The given statement is __.
Select one:
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
c. Partially true
d. None of these
Clear my choice
Question 4. Which of the following is NOT a type of employee in an international firm?
Select one:
a. host country national
b. Fifth Country National
c. parent-country national
d. third country national
Clear my choice
Question 5. Which of the following factors affect Global Human Resource Management?
Select one:
a. Economic Factors
b. Societal Factors
c. Cultural Factors
d. All of these
Clear my choice
Question 6. ____can be defined as a set of activities targeting human resource management at the international level. Select one: a. International Human Resource Management b. Personnel management c. Human Resource Management d. Cross Cultural management Clear my choice Question 7. _______is the act of expanding operations outside domestic market. Select one: a. Internationalizing b. Ethnocentric Approach c. Nationalising d. Geocentric Approach Clear my choice Question 8. Employees belonging to a country where the company has set up a subsidiary or a manufacturing facility are called ____.
Select one:
a. home-country nationals
b. host-country nationals
c. third-country nationals
d. None of these
Clear my choice
Question 9. IHRM is referred to as .
Select one:
a. Institutional Human Resource Management
b. International Human Resource Management
c. Intiation Human Return Management
d. International Human Return Management
Clear my choice
Question 10. Which of the following is an advantage of staffing from the home country nationals?
A. greater control over activities of the organization
B. acquisition of experience in local markets
C. greater efficiency in implementing business strategy
Select one:
a. Only A
b. Both A & B
c. Both B & C
d. All A,B, C
Clear my choice
It involves a payment to compensate for the differences in the cost of living between the two countries resulting in an eventual difference in the expenditure made. It is known as .
Select one:
a. Home leave allowance
b. Cost of Living Allowance
c. Education allowance
d. Spouse assistance
Question 11. Notable areas of T&D programmes in international business can be .
A. language efficiency
B. understanding of the social and political environment of the host countries
C. awareness of the cultural and social environment
Select one:
a. All A,B,C
b. Only A & B
c. Only B
d. Only A & C
Clear my choice
Question 12. International HRM can be a challenging exercise because of which of the following reasons?
Select one:
a. Integration Issues
b. compensation relating problems
c. administrative services to expatriates
d. All of these
Clear my choice
Question 13. A host country national or third country national assigned to the home country of the company where it is headquartered is known as______.
Select one:
a. Inpatriate
b. Expatriate
c. Repatriate
d. None of these
Clear my choice
Question 14. Which of the following is a /are variable/s that moderate (i.e. either diminish or accentuate) the differences between domestic and international HRM?
A. Cultural Environment
B. The industry with which the multinational is primarily involved
C. The extent of reliance of the multinational on its home country domestic market
D. The Attitude of Senior Management
Select one:
a. All A,B, C, D
b. Only A
c. Both B & C
d. Only C
Clear my choice
Question 15. If an employee is employed by the company whose headquarters are in London, he is a citizen of India and working in US. Then the employee is classified as .
Select one:
a. third country national
b. Expatriate
c. third world employees
d. host country nationals
Clear my choice
Question 16. International HRM as defined by has an interplay among three dimensions namely human resource activities, types of employees, and countries of operation.
Select one:
a. Trompenaar
b. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck
c. Morgan
d. Hofstede
Clear my choice
Question 17. Which of the following is a major advantage of staffing from amongst the host country nationals?
A. elimination or reduction of language barriers;
B. better understanding of host country’s laws and regulations
C. reduction of hiring cost
D. reduced compensation package.
Select one:
a. Both B & D
b. Both A & B
c. Both B & C Case Study:
d. All A, B, C, D
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Assignment 2
The fundamental necessity to apprehend dynamic cultures is quite crucial as different cultures tend to interpret different views and things. Such views may be beneficial to one and neutral to another. The things and notions that are considered to be essential for one group within an organization may not be turn out to be the same for the other group. Hence with this contrast as well as diversity, an organization has to perceive and comprehend the necessity of different group of people. It is essential to harmonize sensitively and substantially to the need and wants of different groups. Efforts need to be put proactively to reduce the gap among the people belonging to different culture backgrounds who are working together in an organization. Cross-cultural management can be understood as the administration of individuals and activities that include an alternate culture backdrop and dynamic background. The study related to cross-culture focuses on the crucial notions such as training and encouraging how to deal with clashes of the diverse culture and initiate viable and sound management. Its fundamental objective is to plan an achievable management structure and the executive’s component over the distinctive culture foundations. It likewise plans to utilize endeavors’ assets, particularly apply potential estimation of undertakings proficiently and successfully. If we talk about the relative significance of cultural cognizance in the field of international business, there can be observed different aspects as well as facets. There are some firms that need more cross-cultural awareness as compared to other firms and organizations.Many countries may require more powerful cross-cultural sensitivity and scrutiny in comparison with other countries.Some functions do require more concentrated knowledge regarding cross culture than others.Because of contrasting role and personality, some people need a high level of cultural insight in comparison to others.
There are some impressive and compelling steps to achieve the perks of cross-cultural management. Better understanding with everyone – It is highly crucial and essential to bag a successful cross-cultural management within a particular organization. The administration and driving managers must have a bit commonality with gathering individuals and representatives to make a sound workplace. Perceiving the range of abilities of every worker that is special to different individuals must be acknowledged. An ideal manager never ignores the positive qualities of workers. Recognize the cultural fluctuation of a group – As it is voiced in culturally diverse administration article to think about the change in culture of the colleagues. Pioneers must take out some time to recognize the differences in culture, language, traditions, behavior as well as values of employees. In this way, positive aspects can be easily acknowledged that can enhance the business interest. Set transparent benchmarks – If there is a mixture and blend of numerous different cultures and backdrops within an organization, differentiation becomes quite obvious in such circumstances. These differences occur because of contrasting behavior and culture. To tackle such scenes, it is the duty and responsibility of a manager to state clear rules and benchmarks to get rid of any confusion. Effective steps should be taken to combat any negativity at workplace. Enhancing the individual connection – To surpass and overcome the possible conflicts or clashes within the organization, the individual connection must be given importance and should be made known to each and every team member. There are various modes and proceedings that can easily impact the personal connection among employees related to cross culture. It will also help in cutting down the level of negativity. Settling the disputes – while employees work together in a cross-cultural environment then conflicts and issues are likely to arise. These are known to be a common phenomenon, but settling these conflicts and issues matters the most.
With businesses becoming increasingly internationalized, and in-house and extended teams increasingly multicultural, today’s managers are faced with a conundrum that did not fall on their predecessors: how to communicate effectively across cultures.In order for businesses to remain effective and competitive, leaders need to engage their employees rather than inform and instruct. There are challenges in doing this: communication contexts differ across cultures. Managers who get it wrong are left to resolve cross-cultural misunderstandings. Often, this can be damaging to the organization’s internal and external reputation. In the worst cases, the inability to resolve cross-cultural misunderstandings can decimate promising businesses and mergers. Think DaimlerChrysler (a merger that was called a ‘merger of equals’ when it was conceived, a fiasco a few years later) or AOL and Time Warner (with the AOL-Time Warner share price down from $72 in 2000 to $15 in 2008), and you’ll realize the damage that cross-cultural differences can cause if left unresolved. Lets now discuss about strategy to avoid the need to resolve cross-cultural misunderstandings by preparing for them first.
- Understand the communication style of different cultures
People from different cultures communicate differently. Some, like the United States, Australia and the UK, are more direct. Communication is precise and open, and more emotional. This is called ‘low-context’ culture.Others, especially Chinese, Japanese and Indian, are subtler. Meanings are often not explicitly stated, but instead implied within information provided. This is called ‘high-context’ culture.Some cultures communicate calmly, basing discussion wholly on facts and acting decisively (linear-active). Others are courteous, good listeners, and amiable (reactive). A third type of culture is warm and emotional (multi-active).By understanding these differences, you will be able to temper your communication style accordingly and be more effective in cross-cultural teams.
- Understand that there will be differences in cultural value
Every culture has different values. These may develop over time. For example, the class-based society that was prevalent in the United Kingdom for many hundreds of years has largely been expunged. In India, the caste system is still very much alive despite being outlawed.
Geert Hofstede identifies five dimensions of cultural perspectives:
Power Distance
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Masculinity vs. Femininity
Uncertainty Avoidance
Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation
As an example of the above, power distance is the dimension that describes India’s caste culture – the acceptance of inequality between different people:
Individualism vs. collectivism refers to the emphasis on individual or collective success.
Masculinity vs. femininity refers to the extent to which the culture emphasizes masculine, work-related goals rather than humanist goals.
Uncertainty avoidance refers to the need for rules and direction rather than ambiguity.
Long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation refers to the level of goal-setting in a timeframe context.
By understanding how different cultures ‘operate’ within these five dimensions, you will be able to bridge the gap that exists between your cultural dimension and that of your employees or customers.
- Develop effective communication style
When you understand these cultural differences, you can develop your communication style to avoid the need to resolve cross-cultural misunderstandings. This ability interlinks seamlessly with high-level emotional intelligence. You’ll become more tolerant of ambiguity, be more flexible toward different cultures, and less certain that your culture is right in all circumstances and situations. Developing communication skills such as openness and agreeability will help to build respect for you as a leader and engender effective communication. Request and expect feedback to help develop your cross-cultural communication capabilities. By appreciating cultural differences you’ll avoid cross-cultural misunderstandings, which can ruin promising relationships.
- Avoid becoming frustrated
It is natural to expect others to behave in line with our own cultural norms. Should this not be the case, instinct is to reject it. Managers and leaders should not show such frustration toward behavior dictated by different cultural values, though this is incredibly difficult to do. The way to combat this is to open up to cultural differences. Instead of acting with prejudice, seek to learn more by asking about the values that dictate certain behaviors. This should help you resolve differences in a more understanding and cooperative environment.
- Employ appropriate motivations
Motivational techniques and incentives are often dictated by organizational culture, and this is often highly linked to where the organization was founded or is currently headquartered. Companies often employ a single incentive scheme, with recognition and reward uniform across all their geographical locations. These are often made without regard for cultural differences within teams, also. When expanding to other geographical locations, employing a cross-cultural team, or seeking to benefit from talent via remote employment, it is possible that your current incentive scheme and motivational techniques lead to a reduction in productivity and effectiveness of your employees where cultural differences exist. It should be noted that such cultural differences can exist happily within communities of workers. For example, while one person may be motivated by being offered more autonomy, another may reject the freedom as they expect their supervisor or manager to be responsible for the task being done.
Which of the following is related to ‘high-context’ culture:
A. Communication is precise and open, and more emotional.
B. Meanings are often not explicitly stated, but instead implied within information provided.
Select one:
a. Only A
b. Only B
c. Both A & B
d. None of the options.
Clear my choice
Question 2. This case study related to cross-culture focuses on the crucial notions such as training and encouraging how to:
Select one:
a. deal with clashes of diverse culture
b. deal with difference of opinions
c. initiate viable and sound management
d. work for CSR initiatives
Clear my choice
Question 3. “To surpass and overcome the possible conflicts or clashes within the organization, the individual connection must be given importance and should be made known to each and every team member.” The given statement is _.
Select one:
a. Correct
b. Incorrect
c. Incomplete
d. Incorrect ,Individual connection increases conflicts.
Clear my choice
Question 4. The inability to resolve cross-cultural misunderstandings can _______promising businesses and mergers.
Select one:
a. Help
b. Decimate
c. Create
d. Help Building
Clear my choice
Question 5. In order for businesses to remain effective and competitive, leaders need to ________rather than inform and instruct.
Select one:
a. Help their employees
b. Manage their employees
c. engage their employees
d. Replace their employees
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